Litharge, also known as lead monoxide (PbO), is a yellowish-red or reddish-brown crystalline powder derived from the oxidation of metallic lead. It is a primary form of lead oxide, with chemical formula PbO. Litharge has significant industrial applications, particularly in the manufacturing of lead-acid batteries, where it acts as a crucial component in electrode production. It facilitates the formation of a stable and conductive layer on battery plates, essential for efficient energy storage and discharge. Additionally, litharge is utilized in the ceramics and glass industries to impart color and improve properties like hardness and durability. Despite its utility, litharge is toxic and poses health risks if improperly handled or ingested. Proper precautions, including ventilation and protective equipment, are necessary during its handling and processing to minimize exposure and environmental impact.