Lead suboxide, also known as litharge or lead monoxide (PbO), is a yellowish to reddish crystalline powder derived from the oxidation of metallic lead. It exists in two forms: litharge (α-PbO) and massicot (β-PbO), with slight variations in crystal structure and properties. Lead suboxide is primarily used in industries such as battery manufacturing, where it serves as a component in lead-acid battery electrodes. It contributes to the formation of a stable, conductive layer on the battery plates, essential for efficient energy storage and discharge. In addition to its role in batteries, lead suboxide finds application in the production of glass, ceramics, and as a pigment in paints. Due to its toxicity, careful handling and disposal practices are necessary to prevent environmental contamination and health risks associated with lead exposure.