Lead-acid batteries are a venerable energy storage technology, known for their reliability and cost-effectiveness. Comprising lead plates immersed in an electrolyte solution of sulfuric acid and water, these batteries generate electricity through chemical reactions. Upon discharging, lead sulfate forms on the plates, and during charging, this compound converts back to lead and lead oxide. This reversible process allows lead-acid batteries to be recharged numerous times. Widely used in automotive, industrial, and stationary applications, they provide dependable power for starting vehicles, backup power, and grid stabilization. Despite their heavy weight and relatively low energy density compared to newer battery technologies, lead-acid batteries remain prevalent due to their affordability, recyclability, and proven performance over decades.